An Original Antique Executioner's Keris Behari, Alang Pehang, From Indonesia Most Likely Sumatra For Hukuman Salang

The kris also known as keris is called a wilah or bilah. Kris blades are usually narrow with a wide, asymmetrical base. The kris is famous for its wavy blade; however, the older types of kris dated from the Majapahit era have straight blades, and they are the types, such as this one that were used for ceremonial executions.The execution by keris is called hukuman salang. Salang is synonymous with keris panjang.The executioner made the victim to squat then drove the keris panjang from certain spot inside his collar bone down to the heart. The number of luk or curves on the serpentine regular keris blade is always odd. Common numbers of luk range from three to thirteen waves, but some blades have up to 29. In contrast to the older straight type, most kris have a wavy blade which is supposed to increase the severity of wounds inflicted upon a victim. During kris stabbing, the wavy blade severs more blood vessels, creating a wider wound which causes the victim to easily bleed to death.

According to traditional Javanese kejawen, kris contain all the intrinsic elements of nature: tirta (water), bayu (wind), agni (fire), bantolo (earth, but also interpreted as metal or wood which both come from the earth), and aku (lit: "I" or "me", meaning that the kris has a spirit or soul). All these elements are present during the forging of kris. Earth is metal forged by fire being blown by pumped wind, and water to cool down the metal. In Bali, the kris is associated with the naga or dragon, which also symbolizes irrigation canals, rivers, springs, wells, spouts, waterfalls and rainbows; thus, the wavy blade symbolizes the movement of the serpent. Some kris have a naga or serpent head carved near the base with the body and tail following the curves of the blade to the tip. A wavy kris is thus a naga in motion, aggressive and alive; a straight blade is one at rest, its power dormant but ready to come into action.

In former times, kris blades were said to be infused with poison during their forging, ensuring that any injury was fatal. The process of doing so was kept secret among smiths. Different types of whetstones, acidic juice of citrus fruits and poisonous arsenic bring out the contrast between the dark black iron and the light coloured silvery nickel layers which together form pamor, damascene patterns on the blade. The distinctive pamor patterns have specific meanings and names which indicate the special magical properties they are believed to impart"The Kris Panjang is worn generally by the Malayan aristocracy, and bridegrooms. I have seen some beautiful specimens of this weapon in Rumbowe, worn by the chiefs of that state. The blades resembled that of a long keen poniard, of Damascus steel; the handles of ebony, covered with flowered gold, and sheaths richly ornamented with the same metal: they are used in the execution of criminals."
Thomas John Newbold, in 1839 wrote

."The last sentence of death passed by Abdul Syed (or Dholl Syed), the ex-Panghúlu, was on a Quedah man, named Sali, in 1805. This Malay had carried off from Malacca two Chinese slaves, a man and a woman; meeting some resistance from the former, he murdered him with his kris, in the forest of Londu, and proceeded with the woman to Pila, in Srimenanti, where he sold her as a slave. "

The present superintendent of Naning, Mr, Westerhout, who was an eye-witness, described to me the ceremony of his trial and execution. The criminal was conducted, bound, to Bukit Penialang, or "Execution Hill," near Tabu. The Panghúlu, the Ampat Suku, the twelve Panglimas, the Bandahara, and the Makdum, were all seated in judgment, under a cluster of Tambuseh trees, on the skirt of the hill.

The witnesses were brought forward, and examined by the Panghulu himself. The evidence against the prisoner being deemed conclusive, according to the forms of the Mohammedan law, he was sentenced, agreeably to the Adat Menángkábowe, to pay one Bhar, equivalent to 24 Sp. drs. 30 cents.) or to suffer (salang) death by the kris.

Being unable to pay the fine, preparations were made for his immediate execution. The grave was dug on the spot, and he was placed, firmly bound in a sitting posture, literally on its brink. For further security, two panglimas sat on each side, while the Panglima Besar Sumun unsheathed the weapon that was to terminate the mortal existence of the trembling wretch.

On the point of the poniard, the kris panjang, the panglima carefully placed a pledget of soft cotton, which he pressed against the man's breast, a little above the right collar-bone. He then slowly passed the weapon's point through the cotton, on which he kept the fingers of his left hand firmly pressed, in a direction obliquely to the left into his body, until the projection of the hilt stopped its farther progress. The weapon was then slowly withdrawn, the panglima still retaining the cotton in its place by the pressure of his fingers, so as to staunch effectually all external effusion of blood.

The criminal, shuddering convulsively, was immediately precipitated into the grave; but on making signs for water, was raised. He had barely time to apply his lips to the cocoa-nut- shell in which it was brought, when he fell back into the grave quite dead. The earth was then hastily thrown over the body, and the assembly dispersed."

-J.B. Westerhout, 1805. Blade 21 inches, overall in scabbard 27 inches  read more

Code: 23769

After Over 50 Years Here I Am Just as Thrilled With Our Latest 5 Star Review as I Was The First Time, When We First Went Online Over 26 Years Ago In The Year 2 BG {Before Google}. Enjoy Your Online Experience

Not only are we extremely grateful for our fabulous reviews, 5 Star or otherwise, we are also extraordinarily delighted that all the people have gone to the effort to create such kind words, as we never, ever, request reviews from our visitors, it is all entirely and simply down to their kindness, and the valuable time and effort they take out of their lives in order to compose such compliments, within their reviews.

Here is just a sample of past 5 Star Reviews.

Brian
113 reviews·582 photos
Wow ,, this is my favourite shop of all time - my partner spent over an hour trying to get me out of the place - it’s a a sword collectors dream ,, you have to see this place to believe it Fantastic - you could spend all day in there and still miss something.

Response from the owner.
We were delighted for your visit, and thrilled you obviously enjoyed your time here, albeit more briefly than you might have liked. We hope you both make it down here to visit once again, many thanks and kindest regards, Mark
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Emma Field
3 reviews·
I’ve purchased several items from this shop, my favourite being a katana. The brothers that own the shop are very informative and patient. I hope to return very soon. Highly recommend.

Response from the owner
Hi Emma, That is very kind of you to go to the bother to make such a nice review, it is much appreciated We very much look forward to your return, no purchase necessary of course, just to say hi! would be great enough. All the very best wishes, Mark
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Richard Dundas
15 reviews·2 photos
Incredible shop with an incredible selection of artefacts. There were so many amazing pieces in such a small space.

Response from the owner
Dear Richard, Thank you so much for your kind review and comments. It is always very much appreciated. see you again hopefully. Kind regards, Mark
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Neil Bolden
17 reviews
Bought a few items over the years. Guaranteed you are buying an authentic item. For my last purchase, Lanes Armoury went out of their way to locate an item l was looking for and l received it within 2 days of payment.

Response from the owner
Many thanks indeed for your most appreciated compliments, and we look forward to assisting you again in the future
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Darcy Lawler
25 reviews·50 photos

Could spend absolutely hours wandering this tiny shop, so much history everytime you looked you saw something new. The two men working there were very friendly and knowledgeable, they were happy to answer any questions and tell stories about the items

Response from the owner
Thank you Darcy for your most kind and complimentary review. It is always a delight to us to know visitors to our shop have enjoyed their visit, it make all our efforts worthwhile. To take the time to review our family business online is also especially kind. Thank you once again.
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John Anthony
Local Guide·77 reviews·53 photos

Great sword shop.

Response from the owner
Dear John, thank you so much for your compliment. It is always very pleasing to know that a local guide enjoyed their visit enough to leave a kind review. Many thanks once more
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Curtis Ramsay

Response from the owner
Dear Curtis, i was delightful to see your Five Star review, it is much appreciated , and many thanks indeed. We are glad you enjoyed your visit
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Chris Corfield
Local Guide·25 reviews
An absolutely amazing shop full of military history! The staff are knowledgeable and friendly. Thanks for your assistance and help with an appraisal.

Response from the owner
What a most kind compliment. we are delighted you enjoyed your visit, and we were most happy to assist you. You will be most welcome back anytime.
Thankyou
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John Anthony
Local Guide·77 reviews·53 photos
Great sword shop.

Response from the owner
Dear John, thank you so much for your compliment. It is always very pleasing to know that a local guide enjoyed their visit enough to leave a kind review. Many thanks once more
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steven gibson
1 review
We made our annual pilgrimage to this amazing shop this week, if we lived closer it would certainly be more often! The welcome we always receive from Mark + David is amazing, they are so passionate and knowledgeable about their stock and they will spend as much time as you need explaining the history and relevance of any item you wish to look at, so you know exactly what you are buying. You will be treated in the same way if you are browsing or buying. There have been comments previously about the high prices but when you are buying such a work of art you get what you pay for, and some of these items are museum quality. A well deserved 5*

Response from the owner
Dear Steven, it was delightful to see you both once more, and it was especially nice of you to take the time to make such a wonderful review. it is really very much appreciated. Looking forward to seeing you both next year, take care and many thanks indeed. Mark + David.

Post script, To be fair not everyone goes as high as 5*, as we simply cannot always be all things to all people, however hard we try, but be assured, every effort will be made by us to improve your rating on your next visit. For example we gained just 1 star from one of our oldest and most revered customers, because two years ago he simply he couldn’t get to grips with our ‘new and improved’’ website. So sorry Fred, we are trying our best to improve it for you!  read more

Code: 24884

A Most Rare Original WW2 German Hertz Horn MineTrigger

Made in lead alloy a tube that was filled with glass liners containing bio chromatic chemicals in order to break upon contact and ignite the mine in order to sink the allied ship.

Used on such as the German Type GZ (the German designation was UMA). It had a small charge of only 66 pounds of high explosive because it was intended as an anti-submarine mine. Anti-shipping mines had much larger charges.

Inert and completely safe.  read more

Code: 18303

A Very Good German 1900's & WW1 Porcelain Zeppelin Plate Warmer

Items made in Germany with representations of the pre war and WW1 Zeppelin airships are scarce and much sought after. This is a most unusual very early piece of very nice quality, but also a funtional piece of finest German porcelain. The best-known German strategic bombing campaign during World War I was the campaign against England, although strategic bombing raids were carried out or attempted on other fronts. The main campaign against England started in January 1915 using airships. From then until the end of World War I the German Navy and Army Air Services mounted over 50 bombing raids on the United Kingdom. These were generally referred to as "Zeppelin raids": although both Zeppelin and Sch?tte-Lanz airships were used, the Zeppelin company was much better known and was responsible for producing the vast majority of the airships used. Weather conditions and night flying conditions made airship navigation and therefore bombing accuracy difficult. Bombs were often dropped miles off target (one raid on London actually bombed Hull) and accurate targeting of military installations was impossible. The civilian casualties made the Zeppelins an object of hatred, and they were widely dubbed ?baby-killers?. With the development of effective defensive measures the airship raids became increasingly hazardous, and in 1917 the airships were largely replaced by aeroplanes.

Although the direct military effect of the raids was small, they caused widespread alarm, leading to the diversion of substantial resources from the Western Front and some disruption to industrial production. Concern about the conduct of defence against the raids, the responsibility for which was divided between the Admiralty and the Army, led to a parliamentary inquiry under Jan Smuts, whose report was to lead to the creation of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918. The defence organisation developed by the British was an important precursor of the fighter direction system that would prove vital in winning the Battle of Britain. The raids were also influential because they led to an overestimation of both the material and psychological effects of the bombing of cities.

Airships made about 51 bombing raids on England during the war. These killed 557 and injured another 1,358 people. More than 5,000 bombs were dropped on towns across Britain, causing ?1.5 million in damage. 84 airships took part, of which 30 were lost, either shot down or lost in accidents. Aeroplanes carried out 27 raids, dropping 246,774 lb (111,935 kg) of bombs for the loss of 62 aircraft, resulting in 835 deaths, 1972 injured  read more

Code: 21165

A Scarce Pattern of Imperial German 121st infantry Officers Sword XIII Royal Wurtemberg Corps

Bronze hilt with folding guard. Overall very nice condition and beautiful regimental markings to hilt and scabbard. Made by Gebruder Wayersberg of Solingen. Scabbard bottom section lacking. Potentially used by a Wurttemberg officer who knew or fought with another Wurttemberg officer at the same time, Erwin Rommel. On mobilization in 1914, the corps was subordinated to the 5th Army and saw action on the Western Front. It was transferred to the 6th Army during the Race to the Sea. In October 1914, the corps headquarters formed Corps Fabeck, which by the end of the month had become a provisional army group, commanding XV Corps, II Bavarian Corps and Corps Urach. In November, the XIII Army Corps was transferred from the 6th Army to the 9th Army on the Eastern Front. By 1916, the corps had returned to the Western Front and was subordinated to the 4th Army under Army Group Crown Prince Rupprecht. From April 1917 to March 1918, the corps commanded Group Caudry, another provisional command. In September 1918, it took over command of Group Ebene under Army Group Duke Albrecht of Württemberg, and commanded Group Ebene until war's end.

It was still in existence at the end of the war in Armee-Abteilung C, Heeresgruppe Gallwitz on the Western Front.

Württemberg mountain battalion

In 1915 a Württemberg mountain battalion was also formed, on drafts from the Württemberg line regiments, which became a part of the Alpenkorps division in 1917. This was the unit in which the young Erwin Rommel distinguished himself on the Romanian and Italian fronts, winning the Pour le Mérite (Imperial German equivalent of the Victoria Cross) at the Batlle of the Isonzo in 1917. Erwin Rommel was undoubtedly one of the finest generals of the Second World War, his strategic mind and patient approach led his men to victory after victory early in the war. But, while his fame and glory came as a General and Field Marshal, it was as a Lieutenant in the First World War that he earned his greatest honor.

Rommel started out the war in command of a reserve artillery company but immediately transferred to the 124th Wurtemberg Infantry regiment. By the middle of August 1914, he was in contact with the French, and showed his daring and genius in combat. The II Battalion, to which Rommel’s platoon was attached, halted at Bleid, a small French farming town. They sent out scouting parties, testing the various hedgerows and farms for French resistance.

Taking just three men from his platoon Rommel advanced to the edge of the town, where they found 15 French soldiers taking a nervous breakfast in the dense fog. Rather than retrieving his full platoon and assaulting, Rommel gave the order to open fire, and this four man party scattered the French troops, killing 5 of them. After receiving a stiff bout of rifle fire in response, he and his men returned to their platoon, then advanced with the rest of the battalion.  read more

Code: 23897

A Most Scarce Strip of 10 Heer EM/NCO Overseas M43 Cap Cockade Insignia

Made of a a machine embroidered cotton, this insignia is in very good un-issued condition! The colours are still vibrant! Features tri-colour national emblem. Perfect for any collection or display of German WW2 Very rare to find an un-issued strip of any form of German Bevo uniform insignia. A most rare discovery  read more

Code: 23761

An Amazing & Most Rare Un-Issued Fully Intact Strip of 18 Third Reich Reichsbahn Ärmeladler – WVD BrusselsArm Badges of the German Railways Armed Forces Traffic Directorate (WVD), Brussels Division

(Ärmeladler) of the WVD (Wehrmachtverkehrsdirektion) Brussels. WVD, " Wehrmacht Verkehrsdirektion" (Armed-forces Traffic-directorate),

Arm badge worn by personnel of the German Railways Armed Forces Traffic Directorate (WVD), Brussels Division. A machine woven, right facing eagle with outstretched wings and a wreathed, mobile swastika in its talons, positioned above the arching script, "WVD Brüssel." All of the threads are bright golden-yellow, against a half-moon. The insignia indicates service with the "Brüssel" division of the "Wehrmachtverkehrsdirektion.". Still on their original un-cut factory roll backing material.

WVD = Wehrmachtverkehrsdirektion

These badges were introduced in September 1941 superseding the German Railway cuff-titles, themselves only introduces some seven months previously, in February 1941. They were worn on the left upper arm of the uniform and usually cut or folded to produce a pointed or curved lower edge. The badges combined the German national eagle emblem above the initials of the relevant Railway Directorate, of which there were four (WVD, HVD, RBD & RVD), plus the specific Railway Division, which was usually based on large and important marshalling yards or railway areas. This branch of the Wehrmacht under the Nazi regime is responsible for controlling the operation of the national railways . It was created during the reorganization in 1937 of the Deutsche Reichsbahn into four directories.

It moved to Paris on June 21 , 1940 and the first contacts between SNCF and WVD took place on June 26 , 1940. The headquarters of the WVD was first in 36 of Avenue Kléber, then at 29,rue de Berri, in the 8 th arrondissement, near the Champs Elysées. It is the vice-president of the direction of the regional Reichsbahn of Hanover, Hans Münzer, who was named supreme commander (Kommandeur) of this authority of control of the French railways.

In August 1940, the operation of the network in occupied areas , outside Alsace-Lorraine, is transferred as a whole to the WVD located in Paris. A WVD is also installed in Brussels, which has jurisdiction over part of the North of France.

The SNCF retained ownership of the equipment which remained to it after the German requisitions, its trains were driven by French railway workers, but it was placed under the surveillance of WVD which subjected the personnel to German war laws and imposed the presence of 6500 German railway workers in stations, depots and operating sites responsible for ensuring the proper functioning of the company on site. Its goal is then to restart the French railway services in order to optimize its transport time, allow its use by the German forces, contribute to the German economy and among other things to continue to provide support to the ' invasion of North Africa . For these purposes, prisoners of war who have the skills of railway workers are released. It will then transit via French railways no less than 45 million tonnes of minerals between Italy and Germany Individual examples now sell for around £65 to £95 each  read more

Code: 23785

A Pair Of French, Chassepot Rifle Sword Bayonets. 1870's

Very Good Chassepot Rifle Sword Bayonets. Stunning examples, with very good steel and brass, They could look super displayed just as we show them. The hilts have been polished as could the blades.
Its inventor was, Antoine Alphonse Chassepot, and it became the French service weapon in 1866. It was first used at the battlefield at Mentana, November 1867, where it inflicted severe losses on Garibaldi's troops. The event was reported at the French Parliament: "Les Chassepots ont fait merveille!", {The Chassepots did marvelous execution !} In the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) it proved greatly superior to the German Dreyse needle gun, outranging it by 2 to 1. Although it was a smaller caliber but the chassepot ammunition had more gunpowder and thus faster muzzle velocity. The Chassepots were responsible for most of the Prussian and other German casualties during the conflict. This is the most widely copied of all the sword bayonets. Many countries - including the United States, Egypt, Belgium, and Argentina - have manufactured or used very similar bayonets. The French model was designed to fit on the French Model 1866 Chassepot Rifled Infantry Musket (the musket was revolutionary in itself). It was manufactured from 1866 to about 1874 and was replaced by the French Model 1874 "Gras" Bayonet.
The bayonets are brass-hilted The crossguard is iron (steel) and has a screw-type tightening arrangement on the muzzle-ring. The lower quillon is a hooked "blade-breaker" type.
The blade is steel, single-edged, fullered (both sides), with a re-curved or "yataghan-shape." The blades marked on the back-edge (opposite the cutting edge) with the arsenal, month, and year of manufacture; this is done in engraved cursive fashion
Arsenals encountered may be such as Chatellerault, Mutzig, St. Etienne, Paris-Oudry, Tulle, and perhaps Steyr (not confirmed on the 1866). The French wars during the life-span of this bayonet were: French Intervention in Mexico (1861-1867);
Franco-Prussian War (July 19, 1870 - May 10, 1871)
French Indo-China (1873-1874, 1882-1883);
Sino-French War (1883-1885);
Madagascar Wars (1883-1885, 1895);
1st Mandingo-French War (1883-1886);
1st Dahomeyan-French War (1889-1990);
2nd Dahomeyan-French War (1892-1894);
Franco-Siamese War of (1893)
2nd Mandingo-French War (1894-1895);
Conquest of Chad (1897-1914);
3rd Mandingo-French War (1898);
Moroccan War (1907-1912);
The Wadai War (1909-1911);
World War I (early).

These bayonets were widely copied and used by many countries - including the United States, Belgium, and Germany. Many of the actual French-marked bayonets can be found with German manufactured blades. It is believed some of these were used during the American Civil War when many European arsenals were emptied of their surplus arms.
These bayonets are the French Model 1866 "Chassepot" Bayonet.
The crossguard are iron (steel) and with a "cock's comb" muzzle-ring finial. The lower quillon is a hooked "blade-breaker" type.
The blade is steel, single-edged, fullered (both sides), with a re-curved or "yataghan-shape." One blade is marked on the back-edge (opposite the cutting edge) with the arsenal, month, and year of manufacture; this is done in engraved cursive fashion. No scabbards  read more

Code: 24843

Another Original Collection of Ancient Weapons of Antiquity Arrives This Week! Once More, All Manner of Singularly Fine & The Rarest of Intriguing Historical Pieces Recently Added, and To Be Added, Every Day

Recently we have acquired and added all manner of interesting artefacts, both ancient and vintage: Including, an ancient Imperial roman Gladiator's ring 1st century AD, an Imperial Roman Equestris Legion Centurion's seal ring engraved with horse mounted combat. A gold and bronze ancient Chinese crossbow mount, an antique Aztec form sacrificial knife, a stunning Baker Rifle, an Ancient Greek or Spartan senior ranked warrior's ‘stooping horse’ seal ring, around 2600 years old, Ancient Roman Kingdom period {500 bc} centurion armilla, from the earliest era just after Romulus and Remus, a 1700 to 1800 year old Roman Gladiators ring, realistically engraved with a lion attacking a horse in the arena, a superb 1798 ‘Baker’ British rifle’s officer’s rifle, several US Civil War revolvers including Colt Army and Remingtons, a Roman Republic Period status rings and seal rings, Viking warriors bronze pieces, one of the most beautiful American frontier Plains Rifle we have seen now sold, a Native American Chiefs rifle, the same as was used by Chief Sitting Bull at the Little Big Horn, a Remington Rifle captured by a Coldstream Guard at Tel el Kabir {also now sold} a Trafalgar period Royal Naval incendiary cannon ball, an incredibly rare Draken head form Viking ‘magic, staff pommel, A Seiðstafr, The Staff of Power, used by a Viking shaman, plus one of the most amazing Viking Berserker warriors neck torc’s we have ever seen, still wearable condition and a great size, several wondrous Japanese katanas, a very rare type of Zulu War period, assegai spear-knopkerrie combination weapon, a type we have only seen twice before in over 50 years, also, lots, lots more.

Also just recently added, a set of ancient Viking prisoner and slave shackles with lock casing, a fabulous US army contract musket used from the Alamo, through the Mexican American War and also the US Civil War, a crossbow bolt recovered from Agincourt, and a light dragoon pistol of Waterloo.. Also, recently added; a Napoleonic Wars era 60th Rifle Regt. Jäger Rifle, Circa 1800, used by the German rifle volunteers of the British Army. Fine antiquities, as we mentioned last week, have arrived on Monday, including a very fine Viking warriors sword from the siege of Paris era, a 15th century iron handgonne, the very earliest form of hand held gun powder gun from the 1400’s. A ‘ballock dagger’ from the period of King Richard IIIrd, and the Wars of the Roses. A pure gold ancient Roman intaglio carved garnet gemstone seal ring, depicting a profile carving, possibly of Emperor Antoninus Pius, the fourth of the five good emperors, or a similar highest ranking Patrician of Rome, plus, a masterpiece of 23 carat hammered sheet gold, a now assembled ‘Wreath of Conquest’, the head adornment worn by the ancient victors of the games, conquerors and their queens of Greece & Macedon, in the later first millennium B.C. and thus emulated by all the ceasers and emperors of Rome, their laurel wreath of victory, the ultimate symbol of Roman republican and imperial victory, rule and power. This was originally acquired for a famous British ‘Barrister at the Temple’ and antiquities collector in the 1960’s. Plus, numerous other wonders of antiquity, including a silver Roman patrician or legates gemstone seal ring of a Roman intaglio of the Roman mythical beast, a Gryllos. The hybrid being is composed of Silenus head, an equine protome, a ram head chewing an ear, rooster legs and tail.. 1st-2nd century A.D. A gryllos, or composite of human and animal parts,
Grylloi, derived from the Italic word grillo ("freak") and the Latin gryllus ("caricature"), were popular subjects for the ancient Romans. Artists reportedly enjoyed creating these fantastic creatures with all combinations of parts, although certain combinations seemed to be more popular than others. While undoubtedly extremely amusing to the Romans, grylloi served a more serious purpose as well; they were thought to be talismans that acted as protection against the evil eye. Their strangeness was said to "attract the evil eye and thus lessens its force against its victims."

For a related example of an ancient Roman Gryllo ring, see accession number 41.160.655 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection of Greek and Roman Art. Also, Ref: Richter, Gisela M.A., Catalogue of Engraved Gems: Greek, Etruscan, Roman, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art (1956), p. 114.  read more

Code: 24771

A Beautiful Harlequin Pair Chinese Ching Dynasty 18th Cent. 'Shoe' Stirrups

Shaped like chinese shoes and worn as protective armour for the feet when a mandarin or officer travelled around the Ching empire on horseback. The more regular type we are used to seeing today were used, but this most scarce high quality bronze 'shoe-form' type is very rarely seen to survive. Peasants in Qing China were not permitted to travel and certainly never on horseback. The stirrup was invented in China in the first few centuries AD and spread westward through the nomadic peoples of Central Eurasia. The use of paired stirrups is credited to the Chinese Jin Dynasty and came to Europe during the Middle Ages. Some argue that the stirrup was one of the basic tools used to create and spread modern civilization, possibly as important as the wheel or printing press. The stirrup, which gives greater stability to a rider, has been described as one of the most significant inventions in the history of warfare, prior to gunpowder. As a tool allowing expanded use of horses in warfare, the stirrup is often called the third revolutionary step in equipment, after the chariot and the saddle. The basic tactics of mounted warfare were significantly altered by the stirrup. A rider supported by stirrups was less likely to fall off while fighting, and could deliver a blow with a weapon that more fully employed the weight and momentum of horse and rider. Among other advantages, stirrups provided greater balance and support to the rider, which allowed the knight to use a sword more efficiently without falling, especially against infantry adversaries. The Qing [or Ching] dynasty, officially the Great Qing, also called the Qing Empire by itself or the Manchu dynasty by foreigners, was the last imperial dynasty of China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. After conquering "China proper", the Manchus identified their state as "China", and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means "central" or "middle," gurun means "nation" or "state"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present-day Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas) as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, and rejecting the idea that "China" only meant Han areas. The Qing emperors proclaimed that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of "China". They used both "China" and "Qing" to refer to their state in official documents, international treaties (as the Qing was known internationally as "China" or the "Chinese Empire") and foreign affairs, and "Chinese language" (Dulimbai gurun I bithe) included Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and "Chinese people" referred to all subjects of the empire. In the Chinese-language versions of its treaties and its maps of the world, the Qing government used "Qing" and "China" interchangeably.  read more

Code: 20698